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The first names or ''glossonyms'' of the Catalan language reflected solely its status as a dialect or variety of Latin (Council of Tours, 813) and made no mention of the term Catalan. By the 13th century, written texts show the development of a series of new names that continued to relate the language to Latin and to Rome such as ''llengua romana ''(Roman language), ''romanç'' (Romance), ''nostre llatí ''(our Latin). In contrast, Latin scholars and purists referred to early Catalan as a ''vulgar tongue'' and the general populace referred to it simply as ''pla ''(plain speech). The expansion of Catalan beyond Catalonia led to development of demonyms that indicated its origin: ''catalanesc ''(Catalanesc), ''català ''(Catalan), ''llengua catalana ''(Catalan language)''.'' The increased range of the language had the effect of unifying the territory that it came to be spoken in, a fact that successive rulers took advantage of to neutralize political divisions, as was recorded by Ramon Muntaner. The first written reference to Catalan appears in the ''Regles de trobar'' (Rules of the Trobadour's Art, ca. 1290), written in Occitan in Sicily by the Catalan troubadour and monk Jofre of Foixà: ''"si tu trobes en cantar proençals alcun mot que.i sia francés o catalanesch''.''.."'' (If you find a French or Catalan word in a troubadour song...). By the end of the Middle Ages, Catalan had diverged markedly from classical Latin which, with the rise of humanism, had consolidated its status as the European lingua franca. In contrast, Catalan's use in more familiar or geographically restricted settings is reflected in the names used to refer to the languag''e: llengua materna ''(mother tongue), mallorquí (Majorcan), valencià (Valencian). The use of such names was further reinforced when the Crown of Aragon split into the Kingdom of Mallorca and the Kingdom of Valencia. With the decline of the Crown of Aragon, the term Catalan changed from referring generally to the Catalan linguistic area to a more restricted meaning of simply 'from Catalonia', and in this sense was reduced to the same level as the previously mentioned regional names of ''valencià'' and ''mallorquí.'' Further confusion regarding the name of the language was generated by the appearance of the term ''llemosí'' (Limousin). With the Renaixença Catalan (Catalan Cultural Rebirth) in the 19th century, the word Catalan also began to make a recovery as a unifying historical term. Before this recovery, however, some interesting mixed terms were created, albeit with very limited success. Among the most notable were "llemosí-català" (Limousin-Catalan), mentioned by Pere Miquel Carbonell in the 15th century, and the term ''bacavès'', which Nicolau Primitiu coined by combining the first letters of the words ''balear'', ''català, valencià ''(Balearic, Catalan, Valencian).〔«()Dictamen de l'AVL de 2005» (en valencià). 〕 In the 20th century, after the persecution suffered by Catalan at the hand of the dictatorships of Miguel Primo of Rivera and Francisco Franco), steps were taken to 'normalize' the language by promoting its presence in all areas of life. However, those opposed to normalization tried to sabotage it by generating conflict and controversy regarding the name of the language. This was particularly acute in Valencia and less so in the Balearic Islands. In Valencia, violent pressure (murder, assault, bombs, threats, acts of sabotage) meant that only the term Valencian was included in the region's new democratic Statute of Autonomy. An attempt was made to resolve this conflict towards the end of the 20th century with the term ''català-valencià'' (Catalan-Valencian). Despite this, the conflict has continued, a situation that has led the universities in Valencia, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands (and indeed the international scientific community) to uphold the term ''llengua ''(Catalan language) alongside the statutory synonym of ''valencià'', a stance that has received the support of the courts. 〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Names used to refer to the Catalan Language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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